Computer Engineering Ethics - 4002 Words

2.1 Learning Outcomes At the end of this class the course participant should be able to: ï‚ · Identify some contributors to social and professional issues and relate their achievements to the knowledge area ï‚ · Contrast between ethical and legal issues ï‚ · Contrast between a patent, a trademark, and a copyright ï‚ · Identify some ways of credentialing a person to practice computer engineering ï‚ · Describe issues that contrast risk issues with safety issues ï‚ · Identify some issues in computer engineering that address privacy ï‚ · Describe whistle blowing and the conflicts between ethics and practice that may result from doing so ï‚ · Describe how computer engineering uses or benefits from social and professional issues. 2.2 Reasons for Studying Social†¦show more content†¦The attention given by the media to computerrelated disasters in technical systems such as the explosion of the Ariane 5 rocket in 1996 and the Therac-25 computerized radiation machine overdoses has s timulated interest in Computer Engineering Ethics. Most engineering is performed within profit-making organizations operating within a complex structure of societal and regulatory constraints. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life of people and the services provided by engineers are required to take into consideration the safety, health and welfare of the public. Engineering Ethics is therefore of relevance to the majority of people within Computer Engineering. Research Ethics or Educational Ethics apply to those professionals in Computer Engineering who are active within research and 2 education. Other branches of Ethics such as Healthcare Ethics and similar may apply to other Computer Engineering professionals. The field of Computer Engineering has its own particular ethical problems that are important to address and therefore Computer Engineering Ethics has developed as a specific field of study. It is vital to recognize that prudent ethical judgment is a crucial, integral part of professional Computer Engineering skills. 2.5 Conflicting Ethical choices in Professional Engineering Practice The ethical choices faced by engineers today are increasingly complex. Competing and conflicting ethical demands from clients,Show MoreRelatedCareer Of Software Engineering And Computer Ethics1341 Words   |  6 PagesProfessional Issues - Ethics Abuah Chukwuedo Kingsleyâˆâ€" October 29, 2014 âˆâ€" A report submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for COMP10120, School of Computer Science, University of Manchester. 1 Contents 1 Summary 3 2 Introduction 3 2.1 What is Ethics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Prac- tice 3 4 Analysis 3 5 Comparison 5 6 Bibliography 5 2 1 Summary †The Case of the Killer Robot is a detailed scenario thatRead MoreWhat Does Tomorrow Behold For Me?1629 Words   |  7 Pagesexpand on the ideas that I had and started to do some research. One of my ideas what to enter Computer Engineering and learn more about computers. I had questions that need answers, so I found someone in Computer Engineering that was willing to answer some of the questions I had. 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Flow Measuring Apparatus Report - 1507 Words

Table of Contents Abstract 1 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Experimental Design 3 2.1 Diagram of Experiment 3 2.2 Methods 4 2.3 Procedure 4 3.0 Results Discussion 5 3.1 Table of Results 5 3.2 Discussion 6 4.0 Conclusion 8 References 9 ABSTRACT The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the flow rate/discharge and the head loss of 3 particular flow measuring apparatus which are the Venturi Meter, Orifice Meter and Rota Meter in accordance to Bernoulli’s Equation. The time taken for the water to discharge as the diameter of Rota Meter increased was determined and tabulated. Then, the discharge head loss for each apparatus is calculated using the data obtained through the experiment and the†¦show more content†¦8. Readings of the manometers are recorded and tabled during this period. 9. The procedure is repeated for a number of equidistant values of rotameter readings up to a maximum of approximately 220mm. 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Table of Results | | Manometric Levels (mm) |Rotameter (cm) |Water mass |Time t (s) | | | | |m(kg) | | |Test No. |A |B | Test No. |Venturi |Orifice |Rotameter Calibration Curve |Weight Tank m/t |Venturi |Orifice |Rotameter |Diffuser |Elbow | |1 |0.4167 |0.2275 | |0.0735 |1.984 |0.34309 |66.1376 |0 |0.0001 | |2 |0.7871 |0.2275 | |0.1020 |1.050 |0.34511 |35.0140 |0 |0.0001 | |3 |1.3427 |0.3185 | |0.1282 |1.642 |0.31943 |22.7833 |-3.284 |0.0001 | |4 |2.0372 |0.4095 | |0.1429 |1.353 |0.32282 |13.7987 |-6.494 |0.0001 | |5 |2.9169 |0.5915 | |0.1515 |1.228 |0.33329 |9.8262 |-6.047 |0.0001 | |6 |3.9355 |0.728 | |0.1613 |1.120 |0.33058 |7.5630 |-6.723 |0.0001 | |7 |5.2319 |1.183 | |0.1786 |1.054 |0.33884 |5.7944 |-5.9 |0.0001 | |Table 2: Flow Rate Head Loss 3.2. 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Motivation in Public Sector Organizations

Questions: Task 1: Discuss the employers obligations and liabilities in respect to Alexs ability to perform her job. You should make reference to health and safety legislation. Task 2: As the School Business Manager (SBM responsible for premises management, plays a role in recruitment and manages the non-teaching staff) for the school you have to deal with the immediate issue of Alex and also how best to avoid future issues. Identify and evaluate HRM best practice strategies for managing alcohol and stress in the school. You should make reference to both formal and informal ways that employers might use to deal with this issue? Answers: Introduction: The employees of an organization are considered as the most important asset of any organization. Human resource management is that domain of management studies which considers the strategies and policies that are utilized and implemented by an organization to for the popper management of the prime resource of the organization, that is , for the management of their employees. The various operational tasks performed by the Human Resource management official of an organization include the operational activities of recruiting employees, making them go through various developmental procedures, provide various training facilities to them, provide motivation to the employees so that they are able to perform their tasks with efficiency, and to take disciplinary actions against employees if they are found to be not adhering to the laws and regulations implemented by the organization. In this paper, a particular case study has been discussed in order to shed some light on the duties of the human resource management officials towards the employees of an organization. The case study emphasizes on the current situation of Alexanda Johnson, who is a cook at a reputed primary school. Alex, as she is known to her friends, had always been a responsible and ideal employee of the school. However, very recently the school authorities have noticed that she had been coming to the workplace in a drunken condition. Since the authorities are not able to prove that she had been consuming alcohol at the workplace, they are unable to take any legal action against her. Te situation is such that they are unwilling to sack Alexanda, as not only she has been an important asset to the school but also because the constitution of this particular school has no as such rules and regulations against such activities. Such being the situation, the obligations of the school authorities with res pect to the cooks inability to perform her duties have been discussed in this paper, besides providing certain recommendations on how to avoid such conditions in the future. Task 1: The case study which is being discussed in the following section can be summarized in the following way: Alexanda Johnson had been recruited as a cook in a reputed primary school. She had been working at the school for almost a year and had always been described as an employee with great potential by the school authorities. However, the very same school authorities have noticed that off late she had been coming to the school after her scheduled office hours and had smelling of alcohol. However, there was no single evidence on her that could indicate that she had been drinking on drinking while on the job (Krausert, 2013). Now, the policies and strategies incorporated by the human resource management of the organization do not include any specific rules or regulations that can be put to use in such conditions. On the other hand, two other cooks who had been appointed by the school had been on long leaves due to varied illnesses. Such being the condition, the management of the school is unable to let go of Alexanda: not only because she had once been a very efficient employee at the school, but also because the management realises the fact that working at the kitchen for long hours must have been immensely stressful to her, let alone doing all the work all by herself that actually should have been done by three people. Once a highly valued team member, and now she is facing a stressful working environment. The school does play a crucial role here. The authorities of the school are morally obligated to both their employees and the students, and by no means they can let Alexandas irresponsible attitude to ward work affect the health of these pupils. On the other hand, they are also not in position to terminate Alex from her job (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2010). The Health and Safety at work act 1974, states that the employer has the following responsibilities towards the employee (Hse, 2015): 1. It is the duty or responsibility of each and every employer to make sure, needless to say that within reasonable boundaries, that the health, the safety and the welfare of the employees are maintained within the premises of the workplaces. 2. Without any biasness to the general duties of an employee, the employer should ,make sure that a. The plant and/ or the system using which the employees function at the workplace should be maintained properly and additional safety precautions should be provided to the employees such that the entire working procedure is safe and does not pose any risk or hazards to the health of the people b. Making arrangements for the safe functioning of the operations and amenities used by the employees of the organization for the purpose of using or handling various substances, storing them and transporting them from one place to another. c. Providing such training, information and / or developmental facilities to the employees such that the employees themselves become aware of their own safety and health at the work place. d. Maintaining the environment at which the employees operate in such a way that the environment itself does not pose any risk or hazard to health and/ or safety of the workers. The access to the workplace and the entry and the exit to the workplace should also be maintained properly. e. Proper facilities and/ or arrangements should be maintained at the workplace or the working environment in order to make sure that conditions under which the employees are made to work do not pose any hazard, threat or risk to the health and safety of the workers. 3. It is the duty of the employer to provide a written statement regarding the safety and health regulation policies that have been implemented at the workplace. According o the rules and regulations provide by the Health and Safety at work act 1974, the management of the primary school responsible for providing their employees with such a working condition that would ensure that workers are able to perform their duties in a healthy condition. As mentioned in the case study, the kitchen at the primary school requires three cooks, two of whom had been absent from work for long periods of time due to long term illnesses. It was the responsibility of the authorities of the school to look in to the matter and probe further to evaluate the effect of the working condition of the kitchen on the health of the people who work there, as soon as two third of the employee working under those conditions reported of their sickness. As far as the case study indicates, the school authorities were unable to perform their duties. On the other hand, Alexanda Johnson was subjected to a very stressful working condition as she had to perform the duties of three employees all by herself: which can be a possible reason behind her habit of excessive consumption of alcohol(Inauen, 2014). The Health and Safety at work act 1974, besides stating the responsibilities of the employer towards the employee, also mentions the penalties applicable in case of non- compliance to the act: the penalties include closing down the work site, financial penalties or fines that might be up to 20,000, along with imprisonment for a period of six months, which might be extended up to two years in certain cases (Rowley and Jackson, 2010). In case Alexanda Johnson decides to file a petition against the management and the authority of the school, and it becomes evident in the court of law that the organization had not been able to comply with all the rules and regulations mentioned in the Health and Safety at work act 1974, the school authority is eligible for the penalties stated in the law(Robertson, 2015). Task 2: Dealing with the immediate issue of Alex As Alex is the primary cook who is handling the kitchen of the school all by herself at this point of time, it is essential to deal with her current conditions immediately. The first step that the management can take is to have a detailed discussion about the situation with Alex: such a session might be of great help towards the management of the school to understand the situation from Alexs end. While she had been portraying a very irresponsible attitude at this point of time, yet she had been an ideal employee of the school for a long period of time, and thus the management should be doing this much to help her (S. Schuler, 2013). It is very likely that Alexandas excessive alcohol consumption is actually a result of the stress that she experiences at the workplace: she had been managing the job assigned to three of them, all by herself. In case the meeting indicates that the stressful work condition accountable for her behaviour, the management should immediately appoint cooks, eve n if temporarily, to assist her at the kitchen In case, the school authorities are unable to find efficient people to manage such important positions, Alex should at least be provided with co workers who would be able to share some of her responsibilities and work under her guidance (Meijerink, Bondarouk and Lepak, 2015). However, in case it is revealed by the meeting that Alexanda Johnson has been experiencing certain problems in her personal life, the school authority would have very less help to offer, other than providing emotional and moral support to her. They could arrange certain counselling sessions for her with trained professionals so as to provide some professional help. The school can also make special arrangements so as to provide any medical help to her in order to treat her addition towards alcohol (Quick, 2013). Strategy for managing stress and alcohol in the school: Alcoholic traits are mostly present in those people who are unable to cope up with physical and/ or mental stresses. The profession that Alex is attached to is indeed quite stressful, however the organization should incorporate such human resource management policies and strategies that would helpful in managing such incidents (Chojnacka and Witkowski, 2012). The authorities of the school can incorporate the policies provided in the following section: 1. Arrange for educational sessions from time to time that would help the employees to gain information about the various mechanisms that can be used to deal with stress in workplace and their personal lives (Pak and Chung, 2013). 2. The organization should provide for counselling sessions with trained professionals and medical help for those people who suffer from various mental health and health conditions due to the stressful work conditions (Meja and McCarthy, 2010). 3. The school should also look towards the employees are able to maintain a balance between their work life and their personal life (Kaspereen, 2012). 4. The employees should be provided proper training to perform their work responsibilities with efficiency (Thompson, 2011). 5. The school should also incorporate such human resource management policies that would facilitate them to reward their employees from time to time for their responsible attitude towards work: a strategy that could be used to motivate the em ployees (Homberg and Heine, 2014). Conclusion: In this paper, the case study of Alexanda Johnson has been considered and various aspects of the human resource management system have been discussed in the context of this study. The various obligation and duties that an employee has towards his or her employees have been discussed, besides providing various recommendations, using which the school being considered will be able to manage the such conditions in future. The activity of managing the human resources of any organization is no doubt very challenging, besides being a dynamic activity. Such operation activities need to concentrate on the incorporation and implementation of specific policies that would be helpful in the management of the workforce of the organization in an efficient way (Catano et al. 2010). Thus it can be safely said, that the HRM aims to operate in a way such that the workplace environment remains suitable for employees coming from various layers of the society to work together, besides maintaining the rule s and regulations implemented by the organizations (Connell and Teo, 2010). References: Catano, V., Francis, L., Haines, T., Kirpalani, H., Shannon, H., Stringer, B. and Lozanzki, L. (2010). Occupational stress in Canadian universities: A national survey. International Journal of Stress Management, 17(3), pp.232-258. Chojnacka, M. and Witkowski, K. (2012). Determinants of stress in the company perfecting quality. Management, 16(1). Connell, J. and Teo, S. (2010). Strategic HRM. Prahran, Vic: Tilde University Press. Homberg, D. and Heine, D. (2014). Motivation in public sector organizations introduction to the special issue. Evidence-based HRM, 2(1). Hse, (2015). Penalties - Court Stage - Enforcement Guide (England Wales). [online] Hse.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/enforce/enforcementguide/court/sentencing-penalties.htm [Accessed 28 Jul. 2015]. Inauen, E. (2014). How the approval of rules influences motivation. Evidence-based HRM, 2(1), pp.96-113. Kaspereen, D. (2012). Relaxation intervention for stress reduction among teachers and staff. International Journal of Stress Management, 19(3), pp.238-250. Krausert, A. (2013). HRM Systems for Knowledge Workers: Differences Among Top Managers, Middle Managers, and Professional Employees. Human Resource Management, 53(1), pp.67-87. Meijerink, J., Bondarouk, T. and Lepak, D. (2015). Employees as Active Consumers of HRM: Linking Employees HRM Competences with Their Perceptions of HRM Service Value. Human Resource Management, p.n/a-n/a. Meja, O. and McCarthy, C. (2010). Acculturative stress, depression, and anxiety in migrant farmwork college students of Mexican heritage. International Journal of Stress Management, 17(1), pp.1-20. Pak, J. and Chung, G. (2013). "Top Management Commitment to HRM, Visibilities, and HRM Gap: A Qualitative Approach". Academy of Management Proceedings, 2013(1), pp.15181-15181. Pilbeam, S. and Corbridge, M. (2010). People resourcing and talent planning. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Quick, J. (2013). Preventive stress management in organizations. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. Robertson, H. (2015). The Health and Safety at Work Act turned 40. Occupational Medicine, 65(3), pp.176-179. Rowley, C. and Jackson, K. (2010). Human resource management. New York: Routledge. Schuler, R. (2013). Opportunities abound in HRM and innovation. Journal of Chinese Human Resources Management, 4(2), pp.121-127. Thompson, P. (2011). The trouble with HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(4), pp.355-367.

Wilma Rudolph Essays - Wilma Rudolph, Clarksville, Tennessee, Wilma

Wilma Rudolph This report is on Wilma Glodean Rudolph. Wilma was born June 23,1940 in Clarksville, Tennessee. William's education is: her mother tutored she until she started school when she was seven. She eventually graduated from the school, went to Tennessee State University and graduated with "flying colors". When Wilma was born she weighed only 4.5 pounds, and was the twentieth of twenty-two children! Since than she was nursed by her mother until she was seven. She was sick all the time. She had measles, mumps, scarlet fever, chicken pox, and double pneumonia. She had to be taken to the doctor because her left leg was getting very weak, she soon found out she had polio in her left leg. They thought she would never walk again. But she and her mother would never give up hope that easily. The only place Wilma could go to get treated was at Meharry Hospital, the black medical college of Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. It was fifty miles away but her mother took her twice a week for two years until she could walk with the help of a metal brace on her leg Finally at the age of twelve a miracle happened, she walk without a metal brace, without a crutch, without any help at all. In junior high school she followed her sister's footsteps and became a basketball player. The coach Clinton Gray did not put her in a game for three years. He finally started she her sophomore year. She started as point guard. During a tournament she was spotted by Ed Temple the couch of the famous track team called the Tigerbells. Because her school did not have a track team Ed invited Wilma to a summer sports camp for track at Tennessee State University. After graduating from high school, she received a sports scholarship and went to Tennessee State University. Because of her celebrity from her track carrier she took a year off year studies, she made appearances and participated in International track events. She returned to her studies and received a degree in education when she graduated in 1963. In 1963 she also married her high school sweetheart, Robert Eldrige, with whom she had four children, Yolanda {1958}, Djuanna {1964}, Robert Jr. {1965}, and Xurry {1971}. They later got divorced. Now I will tell you about her accomplishments. Her first accomplishment was just staying alive. But after that she won a bronze metal in the 4x4 relay race in the1956 Olympic Games at the age of 16. On September 17th 1960 in Rome she became the first women to win three Olympic gold metals. She won the 100-meter dash, the 200-meter dash, and ran the anchor in the 400-meter relay team. That led her to become one of the most celebrated female athletes in history. Because of her celebrity she caused gender barriers to be broken. Because, previously women were not allowed in all track events. So she went where no women have gone before, and so did other women thanks to her. HER AWARDS United Press Athlete of the year 1960 Associated Press Women Athlete of the year 1960 The Babe Zaharias Award 1962 Black Sports Hall of Fame 1980 U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame 1983 Vitalis Cup for Sports Excellence 1983 Women's Sports Foundation Award 1984 The First Women to get these Awards James E. Sulivan Award for good sportsmanship 1961 European Sportswriters' Sportsman of the year Christopher Columbus Award for Most Outstanding t International Sports Personality 1960 The Penn Relays 1961 New York Athlete Club Track Meet. The Millrose Games There were other honors as well. In 1963 she was selected to represent the U.S. State Department as a Goodwill Ambassador at the Games of Friendship in Dakar, Senegal. Later, that year she was invited by Doctor Billy Graham to join the Baptist Christian Athletes in Japan. She had the first party recorded in Clarksville history where blacks and whites gathered for the same event. She also went on to protest about segregation until the laws where brought down. After retiring from her track carrier she went back to Clarksville and taught at her old school Cobb Elementary, and was the track coach at her alma matter, Burt High School. She replaced her old coach Clinton Gray who tragically, died in an auto accident. After that she moved on to coaching positions first Maine, than Indiana. She was a gust speaker at dozons of schools and universities. She then became a sports commentary on national television and the co-host of a

Motives in the Media essays

Motives in the Media essays In a world littered with mediums of communication, few have the historical significance of the newspaper. It is a part of who we are, and how we view ourselves. Their shapes, size, and color take us collectively to a simpler time, where we recall our parents in a very relaxing setting, reading about the day's news. The newspaper has an aura of honesty that cannot be denied. It is real, in the sense that it has weight and occupies space. It also is an established medium for delivering the news, information, not just to one small group of people, but to the masses. It is also non-discriminatory in its approach. The news is relayed in text, but also in pictures. One is not required to have a degree in some discipline to understand the news. It is just there. Words relaying facts from a writer to a reader. Yet in a World cluttered with stands full of different papers, how do they all survive, if the sole focus is to relay the news? It is a static medium of information, yet in a sense, it is very dynamic. People read the same newspaper, yet subtly, and without their knowledge, they leave with different thought processes. The articles, or stories, or advertisements have evoked a reaction, however, seldom is it the same reaction. In a World with numerous newspaper agencies vying for the readers eye, there is more of a precedence then ever on the editors of these papers to convey news and other information that will evoke a reaction in the receiving audience, and allow for the writers message to sneak through. What is of interest is the means by which the writers of these stories create these multilayered reactions, and also the nature of the message that is received by the reader. The primary medium for written communication of information on the University of New Brunswick campus is the Brunswickan Student Newspaper. This newspaper, written to a primarily student audience lends graciously to an analysis of the messages being conveyed to a ...

Jane Eyre Questions for Study and Discussion

Jane Eyre Questions for Study and Discussion Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre is one of the foremost works of British literature. At its heart, its a coming-of-age story, but  Jane Eyre  is much more than girl-meets-and-marries boy. It marked a new style of fiction writing, relying on the title characters internal monologue for much of the storys action. A womans internal monologue, no less. Put simply, the story of Jane Eyre and Edmund Rochester is a romance, but on the womans terms. Originally Published Under Male Pseudonym Theres no small irony in the fact that the distinctly feminist  Jane Eyre was originally published in 1847 under Brontes male pseudonym, Currer Bell. With the creation of Jane and her world, Bronte introduced an entirely new kind of heroine: Jane is plain and orphaned, but intelligent and proud. Bronte depicts Janes struggles with classism and sexism from a perspective that was almost unheard of in the 19th-century Gothic novel. There is a heavy dose of social critique in Jane Eyre, and distinctly sexual symbolism, also not common with female protagonists of the time period. It has even spawned a sub-genre of criticism, that of the madwoman in the attic. This, of course, is a reference to Rochesters first wife, a key character whose impact on the plot is significant, but whose voice is never heard in the novel. Regularly on Top 100 Best Book Lists Given its literary significance and its groundbreaking style and story, its no wonder that Jane Eyre regularly lands on Top 100 best books lists,  and is  a favorite among English literature instructors and students of the genre. Questions for Study and Discussion What is important about the title; why does Bronte choose a name for her character that has so many homonyms (heir, air). Is this intentional? What is significant about Janes time at Lowood? How does this shape her character?   Compare Brontes descriptions of Thornfield with the descriptions of Rochesters appearance. What is she trying to convey? There are many symbols throughout Jane Eyre. What significance do they hold for the plot?   How would you describe Jane as a person? Is she believable? Is she consistent? How did your opinion of Rochester change when you learned what his secret was? Does the story end the way you expected?   Do you think Jane Eyre is a feminist novel? Why or why not? How does Brontes portray other female characters besides Jane? Who is the most significant woman in the novel other than its titular character? How does Jane Eyre compare to other heroines of 19th century English literature? Of whom does she remind you?   How essential is the setting for the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else? Do you think Jane and Rochester deserved a happy ending? Do you think they got one?   This is just one part of our study guide on Jane Eyre. Please see the links below for additional helpful resources.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 83

Discussion - Essay Example While my preference to be a quiet person during teamwork has hindered my role as a team member, it has also helped strengthen the team in many ways. For instance, I have not been able to communicate effectively during teamwork and this has adversely affected the perception of my team members towards me. Additionally, I have not been able to work to my full potential during teamwork because some of my team members see me as hands off person when it comes to critical matters that are supposed to be handled by all the team members. When it comes to the benefit of my preference as a suite person to my behavior, I have to note that I have developed a listening attitude over the years and this has helped progress my team in various ways. This means that I have helped my team by analyzing each of the perception of my team members before coming up with a conclusive blend of ideas. This has greatly benefited my role as a team member by working behind the scenes. Owing to the fact that my preferences may portray me as a resigned person, I have developed various strategies for managing my preferences so that I behave in a way that is most effective for a team member. Some of them include being proactive when performing various tasks as a team and communicating to team members where necessary as a way of opening

If saudi Arabia a person what it should be what would you like to Essay

If saudi Arabia a person what it should be what would you like to change in Saudi Arabia and why - Essay Example The person would be fond of eating and would be regular customer of world’s largest and most variant cuisines. The person would be particularly fond of dry fruits, specially dates. The person would always dress in the traditional white cloak and would preferably communicate with others in Arabic. One thing that I do not like about Saudi Arabia is the fact that the native people of Saudi Arabia show very little interest in learning a second language. A vast majority of the native people know no other language but Arabic. This makes it very difficult for the foreigners to communicate with them. Linguistic barriers are the biggest hindrance in the way of development of rapport between the native people of Saudi Arabia and the foreigners. It is very good and essential for a nation to give due importance to its own language, but government should take measures to make people learn at least one second language i.e. the international language like English so that they may also commun icate with the outer world.

Do Societies Choose to Fail or Survive Essay Example for Free

Do Societies Choose to Fail or Survive Essay The society is a very important aspect on the life of any human. The very definition of the term society which is entwined on the aspect of relationships of a group of people, who depend on each other in either way make it to be of utmost importance. When viewed in broader terms, the society depicts people in a certain region and most certainly has common bonds such as culture, language or any other factors that brings them together. It is therefore common knowledge to note that although the society has the gist of prospering, other societies have fallen and the question that arises is whether a society chooses to fail or survive. Various arguments have been put across with some of the hardliners taking passionate stands on what they believe in with regard to the prosperity or failure of a society (Diamond, 2005). One of the authors who has been vocal in examining the survival of societies Jareed Diamond, probes why some of the societies in the past were able to survive and why some feel out rightly. The author bases his research mainly on concentrating on the past right to the modern world. In his award winning book titled Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive, the author in the prologue states that the book â€Å"employs the comparative method to understand societal collapses to which environmental problems contribute†. The author in writing this book tends to offer a historical context of societies that have on the â€Å"collapse or survival† of the society. The author thus seems to argue that â€Å"input† variables have significant effect on the â€Å"output† (Diamond, 2005). The author highlights some of the factors that have in the past been culprits in collapse of societies. Some of them are overfishing, overpopulation, deforestation and others. He also goes further to include factors that may in the future aid in the survival or collapse of societies. The author uses the Anasazi collapse to put forward his arguments on why societies fail at sometimes. The Anasazi who are a Native American society are used by the author to clearly illustrate the link between population growth and environmental damage directly to the collapse of the Anasazi. The author as he tries to highlight is that the warfare that took place was not a significant contributor to the failure of this society (Diamond, 2005). Another incisive and highly critical book of how society thrives is the book Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability and the Aftermath of Empire. The book which has an impressive number of 15 scholarly scientists, provide an incisive look at this issue with each of the personalities contributing significantly. The authors of this book borrow appraise Diamonds work and use his â€Å"provoking inquiries† to give their valuable insights into this issue (Norman and McAnamy, 2010). Another highly critical and analytical book Marketing Conquest and the Vanishing Indian: an Indigenous Response to Jared Diamond’s Archaeology of the American Southwest, the book tries to respond to Diamond’s work. The essay seems to suggest that Diamond’s are some of the most important aspects with regards to conquest. In Diamonds books, he seems to suggest that â€Å"colonialization and conquest† were what he refers to as ‘accident’ and that modern collapses of various societies can be avoided by studying the root causes of these earlier conflicts. This essay is a direct response to Diamonds assumptions and it mainly questions the authenticity of his assumptions and comes to the conclusion that diamonds are actually an important aspect of conquest. References: Diamond, J (2005). â€Å"Prologue. † Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive. New York: Penguin . â€Å"The Ancient Ones: The Anasazi and Their Neighbors. † Chapter 4 of Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Penguin, 2005. McAnamy, P. A. and Norman Y (2010). Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability and the Aftermath of Empire. New York: Cambridge UP, 1-20 Wilcox, M. â€Å"Marketing Conquest and the Vanishing Indian: An Indigenous Response to Jared Diamond’s Archaeology of the American Southwest. † Eds.

Golfing Happiness Essay -- Happiness Essays, Essay About Myself

For someone who claims to be a golfer, shooting a score in the mid 90's is not something to tell my friends about. Golf is a sport of honor, and to alert your friends to such a poor round would be like admitting your girlfriend dumped you, and it wasn't a "mutual decision." However, there is a single instance in which I don't care what the scorecard reflects: playing with Nick. Though some golfers prefer playing in tournaments with new, shiny drivers and caddies at their beck and call, I'll take a round of golf with Nick, on perhaps the worst golf course known to man, Hillcrest Golf Club, over playing in any country-club tournament. Now, you've got to understand my friend Nick. He already scored perfectly on the PSAT Math section his sophomore year, has a workaholic lawyer for a dad, and recently informed his parents that in lieu of attending college he wants to become a postman...he already owns the perfect vehicle for the job: a broken-down 1982 Jeep CJ5. His meteoric rise from hapless hacker at the local par-3 course to All-Region Golf Team honors is also noteworthy. One must also take into account the misery that is Hillcrest Golf Club. Only here can someone find golfers so drunk they spin doughnuts on the 14th green and crash their cart into the lake. As a tractor pulled the cart from its watery grave, one of the men was heard to say to his rescuers, "Hey, I don't see my driver in my bag, ya'll better find it." Nor would you find male golfers over two hundred fifty pounds with no shirt on wearing cutoff jean shorts at many other golf courses. As you can see, it is no light claim to say I would rather play here than a well-groomed country club. Almost every summer morning at the crack of dawn, Nick rolls up our b... ...ame I can neither pronounce nor spell. Our conversation at T.J.'s is not restricted to golf, as it would be in fancy clubhouses after tournaments, but rather open to any subject we care to discuss, from Chemistry class next year to the best Steve Miller Band song. Finally, the experiences and times Nick and I share together are more valuable to me than any golden trophy. Some of the funniest and most relaxing times in my life have come out on the links with Nick. We don't care about the score, our shots, or even the round. Nor do we care if the course has only two cuts of grass: rough and green. So even though I'll never win one of those shiny first place trophies playing with Nick, the first call I make every summer I go home is the same number, and when I hear Nick's familiar voice, I smile just anticipating the sound of his CJ reverberating up the driveway.

Madness and the Freedom to Live: Into the Wild

A young man, living in a comfortable civilized environment leaves society and all the benefits that he had behind him to build a new life. The novel Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer tells the story of a young man, Chris McCandless who had always believed his life ritual was based on mental knowledge. The existential mind of McCandless seemed to prove this statement true. His effort he put into his work was nothing compared to what would lie ahead on this so called â€Å"journey† of his. He loved the fact that each day he had the possibility of being exciting, different, or even dangerous. Chris was different in the way he wanted to experience life. He wanted to be alone and took no joy in the various human relationships that he had developed in his travels. Chris showed that he was a loner and did not value these relationships by his disregard for normal society and only took pleasure in challenging himself. To part from all society, one’s mind needs to be set; for once one was there, to come back would be a challenging task. A quote from the beginning of chapter six states, â€Å"No man ever followed his genius till it misled him. Though the result were bodily weakness, yet perhaps no one can say that the consequences were to be regretted, for these were a life in conformity to higher principles† -Henry David Thoreau (Krakauer 47). Any human, man or woman, may see the mental capabilities they have, but never portray them in anything worth dying for. The judgments of anyone could be overrode by something as simple as a thought or pigment of curiosity in one’s mind. McCandless went through this exact same thing during his short-lived life. Once the thought of living without society had crossed his mind, he had been fixed on making it possible. Every little occurrence over the period of time McCandless spent in Alaska began to show it. The little amount of supplies he had ran out quickly and the effect was tragic and fatal. The accomplishments he had acquired from taking this journey affected him in the long run. Though McCandless is deceased, the phenomenon of his story lives on, and one can certainly believe that he did not regret anything he put himself through. He may not have learned from his own mistakes, but others can learn from the aberrations McCandless put upon himself. Thoreau states, â€Å"If the day and the night are such that you greet them with joy, and life emits a fragrance like flowers and sweet-scented herbs, is more elastic, more starry, more immortal, —that is your success† (Krakauer 47). The concepts and visions McCandless perceived and lived can be recognized throughout this statement. He looked at the possibilities in life in a positive manner, and the outcome of doing this was appreciation, love, and most importantly, success. Thoreau also states, â€Å"All nature is your congratulation, and you have cause momentarily to bless yourself. The greatest gains and values are farthest from being appreciated. We easily come to doubt if they exist. We soon forget them. They are the highest reality†¦ The true harvest of my daily life is somewhat as intangible and indescribable as the tints of morning or evening. It is a little star-dust caught a segment of the rainbow which I have clutched† (Krakauer 47). In McCandless’ mind, the only thing he wanted was this. Every little speck of appreciation all showed towards the beautiful mother nature; she is what held his head high, and kept him going throughout his journey. Anthony Storr wrote; â€Å"It is true that many creative people fail to make mature personal relationships, and some are extremely isolated. It is also true that, in some instances, trauma, in the shape of early separation or bereavement, has steered the potentially creative person toward developing aspects of his personality which can find fulfillment in comparative isolation† (Krakauer 61). This is an extremely relevant statement about McCandless and his actions. It illustrates the observations between him, and his father. He may be a very intelligent person, and he may be a straight â€Å"A† student, but the failure to be able to obtain a good, close relationship with his father drove him away. But if any person ever got the chance to go through something like McCandless did they would be very distant as well. The fortunate aspects and outcomes of such, allowed him to start over and begin a new life of his own. Rather than love, than money, than fame, give me truth. I sat at a table where rich food and wine in abundance, and obsequious attendance, but sincerity and truth were not; and I went away hungry from the inhospitable board. The hospitality was as cold as the ices† -Henry David Thoreau (Krakauer 117). This quote emphasizes the fact of McCandless looking for something that could not be found. The truth he looked for every day of his life had the inab ility to stay hidden. It tended to squish though ever crack and crevice in the wall his father tried to put up between them. All McCandless wanted was the truth, and all his father had done was separate himself from McCandless more and more. He wanted nothing more in life but to know what was really going on, but the incompetence of his father’s actions caused the two to separate. The perseverance of McCandless’ life showed greatly throughout the readings of this book. Every bit of information lead to give the reader understanding of who McCandless was, and why he did what he did. His story was an excellent acknowledgement to what he had accomplished. The love McCandless showed towards nature and interest of starting over allowed him to live this dream. The encouragement given to him was taken in a very special manner, and every step McCandless took, was written down as if his life were an epic novel. The troubles and hardships he had gone through and success he had gained was all lost, as his body was found later in an abandoned bus.

Polaroid Strategy

For quite some time, Polaroid’s company focus was instant cameras. They were a hit, as many could see their pictures immediately. Further, the catchy song lyrics â€Å"Shake it like a Polaroid Picture† helped spread the brand name to multiple populations. As digital cameras became popular over time, Polaroid lost concentration on their main selling point: instant photography. However, Polaroid believes that this new decade is the time to recreate their instant cameras with a revised mission and fresh set of values and visions. Current Mission â€Å"To put the latest cutting edge technology in the people’s hands and give them the power to use it comfortably, affordably†¦and in an instant. † Polaroid’s mission has always revolved around customer convenience and ease of technology. Their forte, instant film, remains a legacy in the company. By associating their products with reasonable prices, comfort, and mainly dynamically continuous innovations, Polaroid has been ingrained as a top brand in the eyes of their customers, especially amateurs. However, in lieu of current market trends, it is now time for Polaroid to revise this mission to include the following aspects and values: * Experience: More than just a product, the new Polaroid cameras will serve as an experience to its customers. Through instant gratification and social networking movements, the company opens up to allow the redefined PIC-1000 model to include multiple features. * Compatibility: Polaroid’s new plan emphasizes consistency with their old models. The new PIC-1000 will be compatible with traditional film. Retro-Futurism: The company attempts to step back in time and bring back an old, vintage styled camera with a modern twist. * Enthusiasts: Polaroid is expanding their target market to more than just the amateur. They plan to spice things up with Creative Director, Lady Gaga, and attract to the passion-driven enthusiasts in the art and fashion communities who unequivocally want the Polaroid experience back. Vision Polaroid’s vision serves as the framework for their marketing plan and guides every aspect of their business by describing what they need to accomplish in order to achieve sustainable, quality growth. This includes focusing on the needs of their customers, consumers, and partners. In addition, this improved vision pinpoints the following company values: leadership, diversity, quality, passion, accountability, integrity, and collaboration. Goals An overall goal includes expanding Polaroid’s market to younger photographers, while also appealing to older generations with more familiarity with the company’s cameras. The following are specific short and long-term goals: Short-term: Enter new markets, specifically the art and fashion communities * Reduce postage costs with more distribution centers around the world * Present the new technology at consumer electronic shows * Publicize innovative products in various advertising media, for example Engadget and Popular Science magazines * Widely distribute products in many retail stores for easy access to customers * Regain participation in community promotions, such as in the corporate sponsorship of motorsports Long-term: Gain a large percentage of the niche photography market * Re-establish their iconic instant imaging * Create a legacy * Form licensing deals to extend the brand into new market segments * Provide customer satisfaction and fulfillment * Be a top-ranked player in the photography industry * Maximize profit and return to shareowners while being aware of responsibilities * Offer a social networking â€Å"Movement† for consumers to share and enjoy Core Competencies and Competitive Advantage As a pioneer of instant photography, Polaroid has a leg up on other competitors. They have a patent that allows for product protection and brand equity. Through much research, development, and devotion, these so-called purists have created a unique image and legacy that has stood the test of time. Some points of differentiation to distinguish Polaroid’s products from the masses are its vintage quality, ease of use, instant gratification, and retro niche appeal. The company’s competitive advantage in instant imaging is made possible through its partners and supporting industries, the availability of skilled researchers, and the current demand for artistic products in the marketplace. Polaroid will work to form strong bonds and relationships with distributors and suppliers, which will in turn satisfy their customer’s needs most fully.

School Vouchers Essay

School Vouchers Essay School Vouchers Essay School vouchers: Are they effective or damaging? During the 1950s, Noble Prize winning libertarian economist, Milton Friedman, made the first proposal for American education to include a voucher system. However, it was not until the 1980’s when the nation’s first school choice voucher program came into effect, which was passed by the legislature of Wisconsin, and provided parents the opportunity to choose the school where they felt was appropriate for their child. The Friedman Foundation defined the notion of school choice in two parts: (1)†¦a common sense idea that gives all parents the power and freedom to choose their child’s education, while encouraging healthy competition among schools and other institutions to better serve students’ needs and priorities, [and] (2) a public policy that allows a parent/guardian or student to choose a district, charter, or private school, regardless of residence and location (www.edchoice.org). While the idea of school choice seems fitting and beneficial, especially to students who come from low-income families, there are many lies, dangers and threats seamed within the idea. School vouchers not only pose a serious danger to students and to the system of public education, but they also violate the separation between church and state. Beneficial†¦to an extent On its website, The Friedman Foundation provides an explanation to the significance and objective of school vouchers: Vouchers give parents the freedom to choose a private school for their children, using all or part of the public funding set aside for their children’s education. Under such a program, funds typically expended by a school district would be allocated to a participating family in the form of a voucher to pay partial or full tuition for their child’s private school, including both religious and non-religious options (www.edchoice.org). In a nutshell, vouchers are monies given to students in order to attend a school of their choice. The first sentence of the foundation’s explanation lays out the first benefit gained from the voucher program. What incites people to the idea of the voucher system is the opportunity that is given to low-income families to send their children off to an elite private school. While many are blinded by this aspiring opportunity, others, like Barbara Miner, look beyond the sugarcoated promises made by voucher programs. In her article, â€Å"Why I Don’t Vouch For Vouchers,† Miner makes a very interesting point by saying, â€Å"Private schools can control whom they accept and the terms upon which students stay enrolled. [†¦] The schools are to select on a random basis, [†¦] one problem, however, is enforcement. Who ensures that the rules are followed?† (1998). Parents do not realize that, although they are promised to be provided a better education for th eir children, they are never guaranteed that the child will be accepted to the school they choose, or whether they will succeed in a private school rather than in a public school. Yet again, Miner makes another thought-provoking point in questioning the furthering of segregation in schools through the voucher system. To provide an answer to this question she points out some statistics from a school in Milwaukee: In Milwaukee, the public schools are approximately 60 percent African American. At Divine Savior/Holy Angels and Pius XIth High Schools, only 3 percent of the students are African American. At Milwaukee’s most elite religious high school, Marquette University High School, 5 percent of the students are African American. Some religious elementary schools in Milwaukee do not have any African American students (Miner, 1998). Whether these numbers may just be sheer coincidence or intentional, the idea of providing vouchers to parents as a means of reserving the best possible education for their children do not come with a guarantee that the school they choose will be a safe haven and far better than public schooling. Another benefit gained

How to Make Floam

How to Make Floam Floam  is a slimy substance with polystyrene beads in it that kids can mold into shapes. You can sculpt with it or use it to coat other objects. You can store it to reuse it or allow it to dry if you want permanent creations. Its a lot of fun, but not always easy to locate. You might be able to buy it at some stores and online, but you can make a type of Floam yourself. As with slime, its very safe, though anything containing food coloring can stain surfaces. Dont eat Floam. Polystyrene beads simply arent food. How to Make Floam Difficulty: Easy Time Required: This is a quick project: It takes only minutes Supplies 2 tsp. borax1/2 cup water1/4 cup white glue (such as Elmers)1/4 cup waterFood coloringA resealable plastic bag1 1/3 cups polystyrene beads Steps Dissolve 2 teaspoons of  borax completely in 1/2 cup (4 ounces) of water. Two teaspoons of borax will produce a stiff product. If you want more flexible Floam, try 1 teaspoon of borax instead.In a separate container, mix 1/4 cup (2 ounces) of white glue and 1/4 cup of water. Stir in food coloring.Pour the glue solution and the polystyrene beads into a plastic bag. Add the borax solution and knead it until its well mixed. Use 1 tablespoon of the borax solution for a very fluid Floam, 3 tablespoons for average Floam, and the entire amount for stiff Floam.To keep your Floam, store it in a sealed bag in the refrigerator to discourage mold. Otherwise, you can allow it to dry into whatever shape you choose. Tips for Success How it works: The borax reacts to crosslink the polyvinyl acetate molecules in the glue. This forms a flexible polymer.If you use a 4-percent solution of polyvinyl alcohol instead of glue, you will get a more transparent product that will hold shapes better.You can find polystyrene beads at craft stores, usually as fillers for bean bags or dolls. You can grind plastic foam cups using a cheese grater if you like.

Health education in Malawi Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health education in Malawi - Research Proposal Example According to the United Nations Economic and Social Council , women and girls form a majority of individuals who are undernourished. This statistic reveals the societal inequities that females face in some societies. Women in developing countries are not educated as their male counterparts. They are less educate and, therefore, not well equipped in solving food security issues in their families. To resolve this, most programs involve increasing women’s access to education and improving their decision making power. Education empowers women as it improves the bargaining position of women in household matters. Programs such as IMAGE intervention try to empower women through microfinance ventures. Rural women, through IMAGE, are able to access microfinance services such as credit and savings to rural women (Kim et. al., 2007). IMAGE intervention enables women to start, develop and benefit from their own enterprises. This, in effect, reduces the occurrences of gender-based violence, as women are able to contribute to the economic welfare of the household. Women empowerment is the key to both the economic and food security problems in developing countries such as Malawi. The programs suggested in resolving the aforementioned problems in Malawi should be effective if successfully implemented. They all share one objective, empowering women who are undervalued by the ethnic communities in Malawi and the rest of Africa. In the case of Eva and Peter, the programs would solve their problems to an extent.

Should Corporate Parents Interfere in the Strategies of Diversified Essay

Should Corporate Parents Interfere in the Strategies of Diversified Groups of Companies - Essay Example Maybe the child company does the same type of product or service as the parent but more than often not. Some corporate strategies involve micro-managing the interests of the subordinate while others believe that letting the child manage its own affairs will result in a profitable win-win for both. So the question remains then, how much control should the parent exercise over the child? Discussion In the perfect corporate parent and child relationship the parent corporation is simply there to guide as it were. As in the physical parent and child relationship, the parent hopes the child will grow and prosper. No parent would ever expect his four year old child to stagnate there and on the same token the company that prospered in1998 to keep the same strategies as then. Times change, peoples’ needs change, and companies should be flexible enough to keep abreast of those changes. If not, the â€Å"cash cow† of 1998 might have turned into the dog of 2012. Therefore, the parent company should train and coach, while helping the child prepare for the future, only intervening when absolutely necessary for both of their continued successes. A good example of a company that failed to envision the future and failed to intervene was the now defunct Packard car company. From the early days of the automobile, the Packard name stood beside Cadillac and Lincoln as the symbol of luxury American cars. Yet the company made a fatal mistake when it acquired Studebaker in 1953, in response to decreased sales because of cutthroat competition by the Big Three. Even though it was financially solvent, Packard executives failed to see how troubled Studebaker actually was. A short five years later the last Packard was made and the Company tried to continue on as its child. By 1966, the entire company was bankrupt. Speaking of car companies, in 2008 General Motors found itself in financial trouble and received a Government loan. As part of its restructuring activities, and under pressure from Congress, the conglomerate agreed to divest itself of three divisions, one of which was Hummer. Although fairly profitable, Hummer was seen as a ball ast company that would eventually be driven out by its gas-guzzling SUV’s. So GM tried to sell the division but the deal fell through and Hummer was retired in 2010. The above were car companies though that owned other car companies. What about when the child’s core business is totally different from the parent’s? Back to GM, they owned appliance giant Frigidaire for sixty years. Yet their meddling in company affairs and trying to adapt the car model to home appliances, as well as foreign competition, caused Frigidaire to lose a whopping forty million dollars in1978. So GM saw them as an underperforming dog and sold the company to White Consolidated Industries in 1979. White likewise interfered with company business in such a manner that research and new product development was retarded for over a decade, almost a fatal blow to the ever volatile appliance business. Fortunately, White was likewise acquired by the Swedish firm Electrolux in the late eighties. Appl ying the European model to Frigidaire and making the brand visible helped them dramatically by the middle 1990’s and although behind industry leader Whirlpool in overall sales revenue, Frigidaire is still around and fairly healthy (Frigidaire). PepsiCo is a good example of a global corporation that leads its subsidiaries properly and makes just enough interference to ensure that profitability is obtained by both parent and child. True, most if not all of the conglomerate’s secondary companies deal with some segment of the food industry

Overview of a Technology based Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Overview of a Technology based Company - Essay Example ter this, Hewlett – Packard was able to develop into creating electronic instruments for the US government, specifically based on needs for buildings and safety. It was during the 1940s that there was substantial growth within the organization and led to continuous expansion. By 1947, over 39 products were offered through the company, all based on new innovations with electronics. In 1957, HP became a publicly traded company and was listed on the stock exchange for $16 per share. The company was listed under the industry of electronics in the stock exchange. By 1959, the company had built into a global corporation with radio equipment and electronically tested information not only coming from the base in California, but also moving into areas such as Germany and Switzerland. The main approach at this point was to test and develop different capacities in electronics with several marketplaces and branches. For instance, medical instruments, analytics and newer innovations were all added into the industry. In 1966, HP developed the first computer used by the company, followed by scientific calculators and other office type electronic supplies that added into the main devices of HP. Today, HP continues to add in extra electronic devices, ranging from some of the newer options in electronic devices to initial components that have continued to develop through the b eginning of the corporation. There are three main branches that are a part of HP, including personal systems for PCs, mobile computing and workstations, the imaging and printing group and the enterprise business services, which consists of business products, storage, servers and enterprise software (HP, 2010). The corporate objectives of the company are based on innovation and electronics. The first corporate objective is customer loyalty. The main focus within this is to produce several types of electronics that have quality and value, which allows several of the customers to return for newer

Examine The Distinctions Between Theories Of International Relations Politics Essay

Examine The Distinctions Between Theories Of International Relations Politics Essay Critically examine the distinctions between explanatory and constitutive theories of international relations, illustrating your argument with insights from a variety of theoretical perspectives The distinction between explanatory and constitutive theory is a contested issue that has emerged as a result of the contemporary way of framing issues in International Relations. I will argue that this is an ambiguous and superficial distinction that when pressed to categorise theoretical concepts requires an oversimplification and carries a danger of negligence. I then offer an alternative categorisation; that put forward by Robert Cox ( 1981): problem-solving and critical theory. I conclude by arguing that the act of categorising in itself is highly problematic. Explanatory theory views the world as something external to our theories, indentifying a number of key factors and then predicting a range of outcomes on the basis of a few important causal factors. (Kurki Wight, 2007, p.28) In contrast, constitutive theory argues that our theories help construct our world and that we cannot separate subject and object as a causal relationship; but instead theory and practice are embedded. The epistemology of explanatory theory is positivist, arguing that we can have authentic value- free knowledge based upon sense experience and methodologically using empirical data to produce universal conditionals. (Baylis et al., 2008, p.177) Constitutive theory rejects this epistemological and methodological approach, arguing that human knowledge is not based on neutral foundations, but rather upon human conjectures. Instead, constitutive theory is concerned with the study of how norms, rules and ideas are constituted in social objects; preferring to study from a meta-theoretical perspective. (Kurki Wight, 2007, p.29) Realism, an orthodox theory, is regarded as a classic example of explanatory theory. (Kurki Wight, 2007, p.28) Realism claims that politics and society are governed by objective laws based upon a fixed conception of human nature. (Morgenthau, 1967) The Realist conception of human nature has its roots in the Hobbesian man; a creature of self-preservation, countless appetites and desires; when added to the anarchical state of nature the life of man is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. (Hobbes, 2008, p.84) This image of man is then extrapolated into the state and world order, giving Realism a rational outline that concludes that states are by nature power maximizers. (Rosenberg, 2001, p.17) This concept of power imposes intellectual discipline upon the observer, infuses rational order into the subject matter of politics (Morgenthau, 1967) and produces the idealistic  [1]  conception of a balance of power. Overall, Realism advocates a broad positivist scientific epistemolog y by a determinate causal relation between the object and subject i.e. the fixed objective nature of man into a subjective social power relation between states. Another orthodox explanatory theory is said to be Liberalism, which sets out a common positivist epistemology and ontological emphasis on human nature. The Liberal perspective accepts the Realist ontology of human nature and state-centricity, but differs by emphasising the rational qualities of individuals and a faith in the progress of social life. Despite the fixed conception of human nature, man is able to cooperate and construct a peaceful society. (Russett, 2007, p.96) Although not denying the international system is anarchical, there is a disagreement as to what this means and why it matters. (Baldwin, 1993, p.4) Liberalism has a belief in democratic governments, economic interdependence and international law and institutions, in a series of feedback loops each factor strengthening the other and leading to a self-perpetuating peaceful system. (Russett, 2007, p.107) In a sense Liberalism breaks from away from the Realist conception of man, to a more central role of rational indi viduals cooperating and constructing a peaceful society. Once more Liberalism applies a positivist methodology by relating the agency of human nature as the ontological basis and predicting structural power relations between states. So far I have focused upon two generalised orthodox theories and argued that both categorise neatly within the explanatory bracket. However, when moving to the third paradigm of International Relations theory Marxism we find that the distinctions become obscure and potentially misleading if operated negligently. Marxisms methodology operates on a dual basis of dialectical and historical materialism; if taken separately I believe Marxism can wrongly be defined as explanatory theory, whereas, taken in its correct dual sense Marxism bridges the gap between explanatory and constitutive theories. Firstly, dialectical materialism is a theory of struggle and must be understood as in direct opposition to idealism. Contrary to the orthodox theories, dialectics does not regard nature as an accidental agglomeration of things, independent and isolated such as the ontological basis of power and human nature but a connected and integrated whole, in which things are organically interdependent. The dialectical methodology is holistic and therefore holds that we cannot understand the phenomena in nature, if isolated from surrounding phenomena. Contrary to orthodox theory, human nature is not in a state of rest, fixed and immobile, but in a state of continuous movement and change. This dialectical approach has important implications for the way in which Marxism studies social life, removing it from a simple object and subject split, whilst also distinguishing its methodology from orthodox theory. As Marx himself put it, as soon as this active life-process is described, history ceases to be a collection of dead facts as it is with the empiricists. (Marx Engels, 1970, p.48) Nevertheless, Marxism still retains an element of explanatory quality, as dialectical materialism envisages a process of development; where qualitative changes occur not gradually, but rapidly and abruptly, leaping from one state to another; not accidently, but as a natural result of gradual quantitative changes in the unfolding of contradictions inherent in nature. (Stalin, 1938) This dialectical process results in Marxist methodology to scientifically predict the eventual downfall of capitalism to a higher stage of communism. The mistake often made with Marxism is to highlight the objective factors as primarily driving revolutionary change. Instead, by incorporating a reading of Marxist historical materialism, we begin to understand that objective factors inevitably give rise to revolts and not revolution; i.e. objectively the stock market will crash due to the structure of capitalism, giving rise to a subjective revolt. By incorporating historical materialism, Marxism focuses on the subjective factors alive within an epoch of history and seeks to measure the factors for revolution and the factors against; objective factors can include unintentional structures of exploitation and alienation; giving rise to subjective necessity to find a job, or join a union. It is this dialectical interrelation of object and subject that informs the Marxist methodology. Contrary to explanatory theory, which asserts that theory can be separate from practice, and that value-free knowledge is possible due to our sensations, ideas and perceptions; Marxist materialism holds that matter is primary, since it is the source of our ideas, and that our theory is derivative, a reflection of matter and practice. One cannot separate the thought from matter which thinks. Matter is the subject of all changes. (Marx, 2001, p.167) Whatever the material conditions of life of a society, such are the ideas and theories about them it is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness. (Marx, 2001, p.425) In summation, Marxism has scientific qualities and foundational epistemology similar to explanatory theory; yet, by its break towards a more holistic methodology and historical materialist ontology, marks a nascent stage of constitutive theory. The Marxist ideological hypothesis marks a transition towards Post theoretical concepts. Post-structuralism claims that interpretation is void of any objectivity and as such political leaders, social activists, scholars and students all actively engage in a interpretation of the world that is ideological. Post-structuralism attacks the Realist foundational approach, highlighting how state-centric ontology results in predetermined practice; i.e. balance of power emerges as Realism marks a border between inside/outside, sovereign/anarchic, us/them (Campbell, 2007, p.216) and post-structuralism is concerned with how this inside and outside relation is mutually composed. Post-structuralism argues that these interpretations are made from a particular ideological vantage point and hence representation cannot be abstracted from our identities; therefore post-structuralism is concerned with the discourse of identity politics. (Campbell, 2007, pp.214-16) Post-structuralism is essentially conc erned with the deconstruction of truth claims; for example, Realism, Liberalism and Marxism all have a normative position and therefore claim to have uncovered some fundamental truth about the world. (Baylis et al., 2008, p.185) Overall, post-structuralism has a devastating critique and deconstruction of the normative element of traditional theories. However, I would argue that this meta-theoretical critique is useful in retrospect, yet, pacifying and un-politicizing by an failure to change the concrete conditions of society; otherwise contradicting its anti-normative perspective. The distinctions between explanatory and constitutive appear to be problematic and I believe this due to the construction of explanatory theory using a framework of Realist ontology, epistemology and methodology. This forces a superficial distinction to be drawn in the shape of constitutive theory, which directly opposes Realism. Yet, when placing Marxism and to a degree Liberalism within these inflexible categories, an element of overlap is necessary. Instead, using Robert Coxs more flexible categorisation; problem-solving and critical theory helps to show clearly the points of departure and encourage reflection on the process of theorising itself; i.e. to achieve a perspective on perspectives. (Cox, 1981, p.88) Realism and Liberalism would be defined as problem-solving theory due to its negation of the prevailing social and power relationships, as well as institutions and economic structure. The second category is critical theory, it is critical because it refuses to except the exi sting order as a non-historical occurrence, but question how that order came about and how it is maintained. (Cox, 1981, pp.88-89) Overall, the problem-solving and critical distinctions offer more flexibility and clarity between theoretical perspectives. Nevertheless, the distinctions made are on a normative basis and subsequently complicate the positioning of post theoretical perspectives. To conclude, I would argue that the distinctions of Explanatory and Constitutive theory are highly problematic since the act of categorisation, in itself, leads to the creation of new discourses that can dangerously disregard important underpinnings of major theories. As Marx once famously recalled if this is Marxism, then I am not a Marxist (Engels, 1890) and Foucaults effort to escape any fixed identity through his writings, (Gutting, 2005, p.10) illustrates the discomfort of categorisation as practice in political theory.

The Uses of Psychology to People at Work Essay -- Papers Workplace Cow

The Uses of Psychology to People at Work Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes (Hilgard, 1996). An understanding of this can be a useful tool for many different groups of people in the work environment, who all have their own interests in what psychology has to offer. Such groups to benefit include managers, employees, Human Resources specialists and Trade Unions. An in depth understanding of human behavioral patterns can be applied positively in order to get the most out of people and increase productivity at work. This is achieved by reducing factors that interfere with the efficiency of peoples' work. This assignment will aim to focus on factors that are ongoing and socially aroused by the interaction between people and their environment, namely: dealing and coping with work stress; lowering the rate of bullying and harassment in the workplace; and maintaining a high level of motivation and effort both in demanding and tedious tasks. Every type of person in an organization is susceptible to suffering from worry and stress. Stress is a challenge to a person's capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands, which may be physiologically arousing and emotionally taxing and call for cognitive and behavioral responses (Westen, 1999). Stress provokes physical and emotional disturbances, which have the ability to affect both one's health and performance. It can lead to tension in the workplace and frequent absenteeism due to illegitimate claims of sickness, thus its prevention is beneficial to both employee and organization. Managing stress can be achieved by the direct approaches of behavioral tec... ...vol 28, no 3, p 311-30. Â · Niedl, 1996, Mobbing and Well-being: Economic and Personnel development implications, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, vol 5, no 2, p 251-271. Â · Otway, HJ & Misenta, R (1980), "The determinants of operator preparedness for emergency situations in nuclear power plants", Paper presented at Workshop on Procedural and Organisational Measures for Accident Management: Laxenburg, Austria, 28-31 Jan. Â · Westen, D (1999), Psychology: Mind, Brain & Culture, Second Edition, Wiley. Â · Wilke, Rutte, van Knippenberg & Ad, 2000, The Resentful sucker: Do rewards ease the pain?, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, vol 9, no 3, Sept 2000, p 307-320. Â · Yukl & Wexley (1971), Readingsin Organizational and Industrial Psychology, Oxford University Press.

Factors Affecting Nle Passing Rate

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents concepts and studies that expounded the variables under the study. Conceptual Literature To become a registered nurse, graduates of Bachelor of Science in Nursing course must take their final test that’ll assess their knowledge, skills and competency to work in the profession. This test is called Nursing Licensure Examination (NLE). In Philippines NLE is a 500-item multiple choice exam to test basic nursing level competency which considers the objectives of the nursing curriculum, the broad areas of nursing and other related disciplines and competencies.NLE is held every June and December annually in various public schools throughout the Philippines. Takers are assigned in different schools and rooms to provide quality control and avoid overcrowding. Room assignment for the exams are posted outside the Professional Regulation Commission building at least three days before the exam. NLE results are released after 30 w orking days though it may vary depending on the number of takers and other factors. However, not all takers are fortunate enough to pass the exams and never have been any occurrence of 100% national passing rate throughout NLE’s history.Non passers may review and retake but some are faced with dilemmas that’ll make it even harder for them to cope up and pass the next time around. A total of 16,908 out of 49,066 passed the Nurse Licensure Examination given by the Board of Nursing last December 2012 which was held in 16 areas around the country. The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) is closely monitoring schools that offer BSN course to enforce the standards and for them to provide quality education to their students. Nursing schools are given three years to improve their passing rate.However if these aren’t met the schools may face possible closure of their nursing program. The quality of education the school provides is only one of the various issues that affect the success of takers. There are also other factors that depend largely on the students own capabilities. Others may come from low performing schools in relation to passing rates yet achieve a high score in the exams. Many studies have analyzed the factors behind the performance of students. Earlier studies have been carried out which focused on cognitive factors as predictors of academic success.Recently, there has been a growing interest on the non-cognitive factors. A number of researchers have examined the role of non-cognitive variables such as study skills (Fazal, S. et. al, 2012; Awang, G & Sinnadurai, S. K. , 2011; Demir et. al, 2012; Hassanbeigi et. al, 2011), study motivation (Tella, A. , 2007; Nonis and Hudson, 2008), study behavior (Yang Yang, 2011; Otto, 1978), study habits on academic achievement. Some argued that these factors have strong relationship with academic performance of students, while others concluded that it was the combination of the different fac tors that could explain students’ academic performance.In addition to that, Crede and Kuncel (2008) found that non-cognitive factors like study habit, skill and study motivation, among other attitudinal constructs, accounted for incremental variance in academic performance beyond standardized tests and previous grades. Moreover, a literature review by Nagaraju (2004) pointed out that for good academic success, good study habits and attitudes are important. Study habit is the pattern of behavior adopted by students in the pursuit of their studies that serves as the vehicle of learning.It is the degree to which the student engages in regular acts of studying that are characterized by appropriate studying routines (e. g. reviews of material, frequency of studying sessions, etc. ) occurring in an environment that is conducive to studying. Study attitudes, on the other hand, refers to a student’s positive attitude toward the specific act of studying and the student’s acceptance and approval of the broader goals of college education (Crede and Kuncel, 2008). In short, study habits and attitudes of students are determined through their time management ability, work methods, attitudes toward teachers and acceptance of education.Many problems encountered by the students are inter-related and should be regarded in a comprehensive manner. However the way they see their problem would be a lot different on how it is seen by others. So in the end, the probability of success depends on the student’s habits and activity during their 4 year education. Schools are not the only ones to be blamed for the students’ failures. This study aims to depict these factors affecting their failures in their point of view to allow us to fully understand them.

“Stray Dog” and “Lost in Transition”

The movie â€Å"Stray Dog† is the classical masterpiece directed by Akira Kurosawa. It is about a rookie homicide detective, played by Toshiro Mifune, who had a stolen Colt pistol. It is ironic how a homicide detective had lost his weapon due to pickpocketing. The Colt pistol stolen from the main character was used in a series of murders, which eventually troubled him. Due to this, Murukami started to hunt the guy who stole his weapon and used it for murder. Murukami who was in search was helped by Sato, played by Takashi Shimura, when the first victim was found. Sato was an old guy, but he was definitely clever. The movie or the manhunt occurs in post war Tokyo, with a partially bombed atmosphere or scenery. Furthermore, the search and the feat occur while a brutal and horrid heatwave is present. The heatwave somehow shows or reflects the living conditions of post war Tokyo, or Japan as a whole (Ishikawa and Tyler, 1998). Japan after the World War II was devastated wherein problems in communication and transportation are at large. Furthermore, living conditions are not that good. There was a severe shortage in the supply of food, and a very high demand for it, and this lasted not just for months but for years. â€Å"Stray Dog†, was filmed in the year 1949 which somehow relates to the time where the story itself took place. Furthermore, the setting or atmosphere in 1949 was evident in the film as justified by the presence of a lot of scenes showing cities or regions which requires rebuilding. The mark or indication of bombings was present in the setting of the movie, just like Japan after the bombings in 1945. Poverty and desolation are some of the things which can be depicted out of the movie and in a way, gives the movie watchers a little feeling of social consciousness. Aside from Japan being withered by the bombings, the harsh or horrible social conditions also depreciates or weakens the soul and morals of a man. This happened to Yasu, the killer or antagonist in the movie, who was once a good person. He shifted to a life of crime after experiencing the harsh effects of poverty and poor conditions of living. Somehow, it may tell the story of some individuals turning towards a life of crime and social evil to continue living in the post war Japan. As the title somehow suggest, â€Å"stray dogs† which could turn later on as rabid dogs, could be representations of a man or of a desolate individual who goes or turns to doing social crimes. Social awareness on Japan also increases as the movie ventures into the dark alleys and criminal or murder elements in the story. Generally, â€Å"Stray Dog† is a good movie, especially to those who love murder or crime-solving movies and even to those socially or slightly socially aware individuals. It is like coursing through history of Japan, without being actually there. The audience are entertained, at the same time taught good lessons. The second movie entitled â€Å"Lost in Translation† is basically a comedy-drama film which hit the box office hits in 2003. It is about an American action movie star, named Bob Harris, who was experiencing certain problems in his career and basically is losing it. Bob Harris, played by Bill Muray, went to Tokyo, Japan in order to shoot a film, more specifically a commercial on Suntory whisky wherein he met Charlotte, played by Scarlett Johansson. Bob and Charlotte went with each other, and experienced or shared an unconsummated romance. Though at some points, they were a little bit uncertain about the directions that they want to take or in their lives or how far they want to take their relationship. Life in Japan by 2003 is far different than that of the post-war Japan. Also, life in Japan is different as that of what Westerners experience. As such, the two characters had a feeling of being alienated as they both toured or explored the life in Tokyo, more specifically Japan’s culture. Since they were both Westerners and that they are in a different country, they both felt loneliness and wanted to be with each other. The second movie takes its audience to the new and modern Japanese cityscape, far beyond the scenery in the movie Stray Dog. After World War II, almost all the regions in Tokyo ware devastated and destroyed. By 2003, the city had risen from the ashes and had grown into a strong city with a lot of beautiful scenery. The scenes or views of the new Tokyo after the war can be observed by the audience not just in the movie alone, but even in the posters, teasers or in the trailer of the movie. Economically and socially, the movie tours its viewers to the new Japan after the devastating war and shows through the scenery, actions or movements and characters how it had recovered. The post war economic success was possible and helped Japan to reinvent itself and be the Japan that we know of it today (Neary, 1995). Just like the Stray Dog, Lost in Translation which was directed by Sofia Coppola, is very much entertaining. Lost in Translation was at first funny, but as the story goes on, audiences experience a unique drama. The ending of Lost in Translation was more mind boggling or intriguing as compared to the ending of the Stray Dog. The audiences in Lost in Translation are left thinking or imagining what the ending could have been. Both movies were able to show the old and new Japan, and if it was watched one after the other, the audience would be greatly aware of the huge transformation that Japan took or went to, before and after the war. Works Cited â€Å"Japanese History: Postwar†.   1996.   (December 18, 2002):   japan-guide.com. December 18, 2007. . â€Å"Lost in Translation†.   2003.   (December 18, 2007):   Focus Features. December 18, 2007. . â€Å"Lost in Translation (2003)†.   2007.   (December 18, 2007):   Internet Movie Database Incorporated. December 18, 2007. . Ishikawa, Jun, and William Jefferson Tyler. The Legend of Gold and Other Stories. Honolulu: HI University of Hawaii Press, 1998. Neary, Ian. War, Revolution and Japan. Richmond, Surrey, GBR: Curzon Press Limited, 1995.